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We then provide an overview of major findings from studies of discrimination in employment, housing, and credit and consumer markets. We begin this discussion by defining discrimination and discussing methods for measuring discrimination. The charge for this article was a focus on racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit markets, and consumer interactions, but many of the arguments reviewed here may also extend to other domains (e.g., education, health care, the criminal justice system) and to other types of discrimination (e.g., gender, age, sexual orientation). This article reviews the relevant literature on racial discrimination, providing a roadmap for scholars who wish to build on this rich and important tradition.

Contemporary forms of discrimination, however, are often subtle and covert, posing problems for social scientific conceptualization and measurement. Persistent racial inequality in employment, housing, and other social domains has renewed interest in the possible role of discrimination. This discussion seeks to orient readers to some of the key debates in the study of discrimination and to provide a roadmap for those interested in building upon this long and important line of research. We then provide an overview of major findings from studies of discrimination in each of the four domains and, finally, we turn to a discussion of the individual, organizational, and structural mechanisms that may underlie contemporary forms of discrimination. We begin by defining discrimination and discussing relevant methods of measurement. This article reviews the relevant literature on discrimination, with an emphasis on racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit markets, and consumer interactions. And yet, unlike in the pre–civil rights era, when racial prejudice and discrimination were overt and widespread, today discrimination is less readily identifiable, posing problems for social scientific conceptualization and measurement. Persistent racial inequality in employment, housing, and a wide range of other social domains has renewed interest in the possible role of discrimination.